Complicaciones en la extracción de terceros molares mandibulares incluídos, retenidos e impactados. Revisión de la literatura / Complications in the extraction of impacted, and retained third molars. Literature Review

La literatura científica sostiene que los terceros molares muy a menudo son lo que contemplan varías complicaciones al momento del procedimiento quirúrgico, debido no solo a su erupción sino también a sus diferentes características que suceden como anatomía, forma, posición de su erupción, etc. Para ello el estudio complementario Integral antes de pasar al acto quirúrgico es la primera opción que se hace. Para que un correcto tratamiento post-quirúrgico sea efectivo tanto antibiótico farmacológico, biomateriales integrales, etc. Objetivo: Establecer por medio de una revisión de la literatura cuáles son las acciones o procedimientos quirúrgicos ejecutándose que pueden evitar las complicaciones más prevalentes en la extracción de terceros molares mandibulares incluídos, retenidos e impactados. Materiales y métodos: Se plantea un estudio de tipo descriptivo y de análisis respectivamente con 2 tipos de bases electrónicas: PubMed y SciELO tomando como sustentación artículos que contemplen meta-análisis, revisiones sistemáticas, revisiones literarias, etc. Resultados: Se confirmó que el mejor procedimiento ante quizás una posible: hemorragia, fracturas, laceraciones, etc. es el buen manejo quirúrgico farmacológico durante la cirugía y posterior a esta. Conclusión: Con esta revisión de la literatura se llega a la idea de que un correcto diagnóstico, manejo estricto farmacológico y el conocimiento de las complicaciones que pueden suscitarse durante y posterior en las extracciones dentales son acciones correctas que se utilizan muy comúnmente durante el procedimiento quirúrgico, lo que evita sus respectivas dificultades.

After the various articles compiled by different authors, is becomes clear that the third molars are very often what contemplate various complications at the time of the surgical procedure, due not only to their eruption but also to their different characteristics that occur such as anatomy, shape, position of its eruption, etc. For this reason, the comprehensive complementary study before proceeding to the surgical act is the first option that is made. For a correct post-surgical treatment to be effective both antibiotic-pharmacological, integral biomaterials, etc. Purpose: To establish through a review of the literatura which are the actions or surgical procedures being performed that can avoid the most prevalent complications in the extraction of included, retained and impacted mandibular third molars. Materials and methods: A descriptive and analytical study is proposed, respectively, with 2 types of electronic databases: PubMed and SciELO, taking as support articles that include meta-analyses, systematic reviews, literary reviews, etc. Results: It was confirmed that the best procedure for perhaps a possible one: hemorrhage, fractures, lacerations, etc. It is good pharmacological surgical management during and after surgery. Conclusion: With this review of the literature, the idea is reached that a correct diagnosis, strict pharmacological management and knowledge of the complications that can arise during and after dental extractions are correct actions that are very commonly used during the surgical procedure. , which avoids their respective difficulties.

Caracterización epidemiológica, clínica y cefalométrica del brote anormal de los terceros molares / Epidemiological, clinical and cephalometric characterization of the abnormal eruption of third molars

Introducción: El brote de los terceros molares es un proceso que no está del todo explicado, pero durante su erupción puede provocar diferentes accidentes o complicaciones. Objetivo: Caracterizar el brote anormal de los terceros molares según variables epidemiológicas, clínicas y cefalométricas. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en la Clínica Estomatológica Provincial Docente «Mártires del Moncada», de Santiago de Cuba, desde noviembre de 2019 a febrero de 2020. La población estuvo conformada por jóvenes de 18 a 25 años de edad; la muestra fue seleccionada por muestreo aleatorio simple. Se tuvieron en cuenta las siguientes variables: sexo, color de la piel, brote anormal y otras variables cefalométricas. Resultados: De los 84 dientes incluidos en el estudio, se detectaron 66 terceros molares con brote anormal (78,6 %). El promedio asociado al brote de estos molares de espacio óseo superior insuficiente fue igual para los superiores con medias de 25,9 mm; el de angulación inadecuada resultó obtuso en el superior izquierdo con 128,3º y agudo en los inferiores derechos con 58,8º; asimismo el mayor diámetro mesiodistal inadecuado fue el de los inferiores derechos con 15,7 mm. Conclusiones: El brote anormal de los terceros molares se caracteriza por afectar, de forma importante, a féminas y a individuos mestizos. Su observación se singulariza, fundamentalmente, en molares inferiores con espacios óseos posteriores reducidos, mesioangulaciones y diámetros mesiodistales considerables.

Introduction: eruption of the third molars is a process that is not fully explained in the literature; however it is known that their eruption can cause different complications. Objective: to characterize the abnormal eruption of third molars according to epidemiological, clinical and cephalometric variables. Methods: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out at "Mártires del Moncada" Provincial Teaching Dental Clinic, in Santiago de Cuba, from November 2019 to February 2020. The population consisted of young people aged 18-25 years; the sample was selected by simple random sampling. Gender, skin color, abnormal eruption and other cephalometric variables were taken into account. Results: sixty-six third molars with abnormal eruption were detected from the 84 teeth included in the study (78.6%). The average associated with the eruption of these molars with insufficient upper bone space was the same for the upper ones with means of 25.9 mm; the average with inadequate angulation was obtuse in the upper left third molar with 128.3º and the acute one in the lower right third molars with 58.8º; the lower right third molars likewise had the largest inadequate mesiodistal diameter with 15.7 mm. Conclusions: the abnormal eruption of third molars is characterized by significantly affecting females and mixed-race individuals. Its observation is singled out, fundamentally, in lower molars with reduced posterior bone spaces, mesioangulations and considerable mesiodistal diameters.

Has the literature thoroughly categorized the lower third molars? A new classification of the various lower third molar root forms for a better understanding of their morphology / ¿La literatura ha categorizado minuciosamente los terceros molares inferiores? Una nueva clasificación de las diversas formas radiculares del tercer molar inferior para una mejor comprensión de su morfología

SUMMARY: Impacted lower third molars (IL3M) have different root shapes and numbers. This study aimed to create a classification for IL3M root forms, that should aid in understanding roots morphology. A retrospective cross-sectional study on patients had IL3M at the university clinics between 2017 and 2019. Panoramic radiographs were retrieved to classify the roots into fused roots (FR): one or two roots connected from furcation to apices, and separated roots (SR): two or more roots not connected from furcation to apical third, and each type has different forms. Statistical analysis was done by Chi-Square test. Five-hundred patients, males (54.6 %) and females (45.4 %) were included. SR were in 591 teeth (75.5 %), and FR in 192 teeth (24.5 %). Statistically significant associations emerged between SR and males (60 %) and between FR and females (66 %) (p = .000). SR forms were straight (45.8 %), joined roots (28.2 %), one straight and one curved (13.3 %), roots curved distal (9.1 %), roots curved mesial (2.5 %), and more than two roots (0.3 %). FR forms were straight (87.5 %), curved distal (9.4 %), S-shaped (2.1 %), and curved mesial (1 %). The common angulations of IL3M with SR were vertical (39 %) followed by mesioangular (25.7 %), while FR were mostly vertical (39.1 %) or horizontal (23.9 %). The classification is applicable on panoramic radiographs, and complements Winter and Pell & Gregory to provide a better description of IL3M status by adding root morphology to the angulation, occlusal, and ramus relationship.

Los terceros molares inferiores impactados (3MII) tienen diferentes formas y números de raíces. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo crear una clasificación para las formas de raíz 3MII, que debería ayudar a comprender la morfología de las raíces. Realizamos un estudio transversal retrospectivo de pacientes con 3MII en las clínicas universitarias entre 2017 y 2019. Se recuperaron radiografías panorámicas para clasificar las raíces en raíces fusionadas (RF): una o dos raíces conectadas desde la zona de furca a los ápices y raíces separadas (RS): dos o más raíces no conectadas desde la bifurcación al tercio apical, y cada tipo con formas diferentes. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante la prueba Chi-Cuadrado. Se incluyeron 500 pacientes, hombres (54,6 %) y mujeres (45,4 %). RS se observó en 591 dientes (75,5 %) y RF en 192 dientes (24,5 %). Surgieron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre RS y hombres (60 %) y entre RF y mujeres (66 %) (p = .000). Las formas de RS eran rectas (45,8 %), raíces unidas (28,2 %), una recta y una curva (13,3 %), raíces curvas distales (9,1 %), raíces curvas mesiales (2,5 %) y más de dos raíces (0,3 %).). Las formas RF eran rectas (87,5 %), curvas distales (9,4 %), en forma de S (2,1 %) y curvas mesiales (1 %). Las angulaciones comunes de 3MII con RS fueron verticales (39 %), seguidas de mesioangular (25,7 %), mientras que RF fueron mayoritariamente verticales (39,1 %) u horizontales (23,9 %). La clasificación es aplicable en radiografías panorámicas y complementa a Winter y Pell & Gregory para proporcionar una mejor descripción del estado de 3MII al agregar la morfología de la raíz a la relación de angulación, oclusal y rama.

Combined micro-apical surgery and vital pulp therapy in mandibular second molars with external root resorption caused by impacted teeth / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#This study aimed to establish a new treatment of the mandibular second molars with external root resorption caused by impacted teeth to preserve the affected teeth and their vital pulps.@*METHODS@#For mandibular second molars clinically diagnosed as external root resorption caused by impacted teeth, debridement and removal of the root at the resorption site via micro-apical surgery and direct capping of the pulp with bioactive material on the surface of the root amputation via vital pulp therapy were performed immediately after the impacted teeth were extracted.@*RESULTS@#The external root resorption of the affected tooth was ceased. It was asymptomatic with intact crown, normal pulp, periapical alveolar bone reconstruction, normal periodontal ligament, continuous bone sclerosis, and no periapical translucency in radiographic examination at the 1-year postoperative follow-up, thus showing good prognosis.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Simultaneous combination of micro-apical surgery and vital pulp therapy after extraction of impacted teeth could successfully preserve mandibular second molars with ERR caused by impacted teeth and their vital pulps.

Effect of dental follicles in minimally invasive open-eruption technique of labially impacted maxillary central incisors / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To summarize the open-eruption technique of impacted anterior maxillary teeth, this study reports a technically improved operation on surgical exposure based on dental follicles and evaluates post-treatment periodontal health considering the effect of dental follicles.@*METHODS@#Patients who underwent open-eruption technique with unilateral labially impacted maxillary central incisors were selected. The impacted teeth were assigned to the experimental group, and the contralateral unimpacted maxillary central incisors were assigned to the control group. In the surgical exposure, the new technique makes use of dental follicles to manage the soft tissue, so as to preserve soft tissue for better aesthetic results and healthier periodontal tissue. Tooth length, root length, alveolar bone loss, and alveolar bone thickness were recorded after the therapy.@*RESULTS@#A total of 17 patients with unilateral maxillary central incisor impaction were successfully treated. The tooth length and root length of the two groups showed a statistically significant difference between the impacted and homonym teeth, with a shorter length in the impacted tooth (P<0.05). More labial alveolar bone loss was found in the experimental group compared with that in the control group (P<0.05). The outcomes of the cementoenamel junction width, pa- latal alveolar bone loss, and alveolar bone thickness did not indicate statistical significance between the experimental and control groups (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#In the surgical exposure, the new technique uses dental follicles to manage the soft tissue and preserve it for better aesthetic results and healthier periodontal tissues.

Directrices para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de Molares Retenidos / Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of impacted molars

Los terceros molares son piezas dentarias correspondientes a la dentición permanente y se encuentran por detrás de los segundos molares. Erupcionan entre los 18 y 27 años aproximadamente, tienen variedad de formas, anomalías y disposición diversa. Normalmente se encuentran total o parcialmente retenidos en el hueso maxilar. La retención es muy frecuente y afecta aproximadamente al 75% de la población. La causa principal es por la falta de espacio dentro de la boca. La patología derivada de la retención de un tercer molar puede generar diferentes alteraciones: abscesos, sinusitis, reabsorción de las raíces de los dientes adyacentes, caries del molar retenido y/o del segundo molar, úlceras en la mucosa contigua, podrían generar quistes, ameloblastomas y ulceraciones leucoqueratósicas que pueden degenerar en carcinomas, alteraciones nerviosas o vasomotoras: dolores faciales, trismus, y parálisis facial ipsilateral. Las extracciones profilácticas de terceros molares asintomáticos están justificadas cuando los terceros molares se encuentran bajo prótesis removible que puede estimular su erupción, molares semierupcionados que pueden generar pericoronitis, caries o problemas periodontales; pacientes que van a ser sometidos a radioterapia; cuando el diente incluido interfiera en una cirugía ortognática. Si el molar retenido presenta sintomatología por parte del paciente está aconsejada su extracción quirúrgica.

The third molars are dental pieces corresponding to the permanent dentition and are located behind the second molars. They erupt between the ages of 18 and 27 approximately, have a variety of shapes, anomalies, and diverse dispositions. They are normally fully or partially retained in the maxillary bone. Retention is very frequent and affects approximately 75% of the population. The main cause is due to the lack of space inside the mouth. The pathology derived from the retention of a third molar can generate different alterations: abscesses, sinusitis, resorption of the roots of adjacent teeth, caries of the retained molar and/or second molar, ulcers in the contiguous mucosa, could generate cysts, ameloblastomas and leukokeratotic ulcerations that can degenerate into carcinomas, nervous or vasomotor disorders: facial pain, trismus, and ipsilateral facial paralysis. Prophylactic extractions of asymptomatic third molars are justified when the third molars are under removable prosthesis that can stimulate their eruption, semi-erupted molars that can generate pericoronitis, caries or periodontal problems; patients who are going to undergo radiotherapy; when the included tooth interferes with orthognathic surgery. If the retained molar presents symptoms on the part of the patient, its surgical extraction is recommended.

Enucleación de quiste dentígero, asociado al incisivo lateral retenido, y tracción ortodóntica de canino superior retenido / Enucleation of tooth cyst, associated with retained lateral incisor, and orthodontic traction of retained upper canine

Introducción: Un inconveniente de la erupción dental permanente es la retención dentaria. Un diente retenido no ha completado su erupción y no ha llegado a su posición normal en el maxilar. Los dientes retenidos pueden estar dentro del maxilar asintomáticos u ocasionando migración dentaria, persistencia de dientes deciduos, alteraciones en la oclusión y estética, formación de quiste dentígero y tumores. Objetivo: Describir la enucleación de quiste dentígero, asociado al incisivo lateral, y tracción ortodóntica de canino superior retenido. Presentación de caso: Paciente femenino de 19 años de edad, con persistencia de dientes 52 y 53. Tomográficamente se aprecia un incisivo lateral superior derecho retenido en posición horizontal, asociado a una imagen radiolúcida de dimensiones de 11,2 mm x 20,1 mm y un canino retenido en posición vertical. Se realizó la exodoncia a colgajo del incisivo lateral y enucleación del quiste. Respecto al canino, se colocó el botón de ortodoncia para posterior tracción. El diagnóstico histopatológico definitivo fue quiste dentígero. Conclusiones: Las lesiones asociadas a dientes retenidos pueden tener varios diagnósticos diferenciales. El especialista deberá conocer las características clínicas y radiográficas de cada uno de ellos y proyectar el plan de tratamiento de acuerdo a los criterios de ubicación, tamaño de la lesión, edad, estado sistémico, entre otros. El conocimiento de la técnica quirúrgica y el diagnóstico histopatológico evita complicaciones(AU)

Introduction: A drawback of permanent tooth eruption is tooth retention. A retained tooth has not completed its eruption and has not reached its normal position in the jaw. Retained teeth may be within the jaw asymptomatic or causing tooth migration, persistence of deciduous teeth, alterations in occlusion and aesthetics, formation of tooth cyst and tumors. Objective: Describe the enucleation of dentiger cyst, associated with the lateral incisor, and orthodontic traction of retained upper canine. Case presentation: Female patient, 19 years old, with persistence of teeth 52 and 53. Tomographically there is a right upper lateral incisor retained in a horizontal position, associated with a radiolucent image of dimensions of 11.2 mm x 20.1 mm and a canine retained in an upright position. Exodontics were performed at the flap of the lateral incisor and enucleation of the cyst. Regarding the canine, the orthodontic button was placed for subsequent traction. The definitive histopathological diagnosis was tooth cyst. Conclusions: Lesions associated with retained teeth may have several differential diagnoses. The specialist must know the clinical and radiographic characteristics of each of them and project the treatment plan according to the criteria of location, size of the lesion, age, systemic status, among others. Knowledge of surgical technique and histopathological diagnosis avoids complications(AU)

Hallazgos en radiografías panorámicas de niños entre 6 y 15 años en un hospital odontológico en Argentina / Findings in panoramic radiographs of children between 6 and 15 years at a dental hospital in Argentina

Objetivo: Describir la frecuencia y localización de pato- logías y anomalías dentarias (anomalías de número, tumores, quistes y piezas retenidas) observadas en radiografías pa- norámicas de pacientes pediátricos de entre 6 y 15 años del Hospital Zonal Especializado en Odontología Infantil "Dr. A. Bollini" de la ciudad de La Plata. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observa- cional descriptivo de 300 radiografías panorámicas, de niños (n=150) y niñas (n=150) de entre 6 y 15 años, seleccionadas aleatoriamente en el área de radiología del hospital, tomadas en el período comprendido entre marzo de 2018 y marzo de 2020. Los datos obtenidos se volcaron en planillas de cálculo y con ellos se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo. Se utilizaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, tipo de ano- malía o patología (anomalías de número, tumores, quistes y piezas retenidas), pieza dentaria y ubicación (maxilar o man- díbula). Resultados: Dentro de las anomalías registradas (n=147), se encontraron en mayor medida piezas dentarias retenidas, en un 44,22% de los casos (n=65), agenesias en un 42,18% de los casos (n=62) y supernumerarios en un 13,61% de los casos (n=20). No se hallaron quistes ni tumores. Conclusión: En un 24% de las radiografías panorámicas de niños entre 6 y 15 años se halló alguna anomalía dentaria. Las anomalías más frecuentes fueron piezas dentarias reteni- das y agenesias (AU)

Aim: To describe the frequency and location of dental pathologies and anomalies (number anomalies, tumors, cysts and retained dental pieces) observed in panoramic radio- graphs of pediatric patients between 6 and 15 years of age from the Hospital Especializado en Odontología Infantil "Dr. A. Bollini" from the city of La Plata. Materials and methods: A descriptive observational study was performed based on 300 panoramic radiographs of children (150 girls and 150 boys) between 6 and 15 years old, randomly selected in the Radiology area of the hospital, taken in the period between March 2018 and March 2020. The data obtained were entered into spreadsheets and a descriptive sta- tistical analysis was carried out. The following variables were evaluated: age, sex, type of anomaly or pathology (anomalies of number, tumor, cysts and retained dental pieces), dental piece and location (maxilla or mandible). Results: Among the registered anomalies (n=147), re- tained dental pieces were found to a greater extent, in 44.22% of the cases (n=65), agenesis in 42.18% of the cases (n=62) and supernumeraries in 13.61% of the cases (n=20). No cysts or tumors were found. Conclusion: In 24% of panoramic radiographs of chil- dren between 6 and 15 years old, some dental anomaly was found. The most frequent anomalies were retained dental pieces and agenesis (AU)

Tratamento de ceratocistos na síndrome de Gorlin Goltz / Diagnosis and treatment of oral keratocysts in Gorlin Goltz Syndrome / Tratamento de ceratocistos na Síndrome de Gorlin Goltz

A Síndrome de Gorlin Goltz apresenta características com comprometimento craniofaciais que incluem carcinomas basocelulares, ceratocístos odontogênicos e fenda labial e/ou palatina. Ceratocísticos odontogênico aparecem durante as primeiras décadas de vida, mais comumente na mandíbula, associados a dentes impactados. O diagnóstico precoce possibilita a cura da lesão, minimiza as deformidades ósseas e pode ser concluído com exames como radiográfico e histopatológico. Relato de caso: Com o objetivo descrever o diagnóstico e analisar as possibilidades de tratamento das manifestações faciais da Síndrome de Gorlin Goltz será relatado um caso clínico de uma paciente infantil. A paciente tem um acompanhamento clínico multidisciplinar com geneticista, oncologista e cirurgião-dentista de 6 anos. Apresentou 5 ceratocisticos odontogênicos, carcinomas basocelulares na região do pescoço, calcificação da foice cerebral, ceratose palmo-plantar e macrocefalia. O tratamento para as lesões císticas foi a enucleação, seguida de osteotomia periférica. O defeito ósseo produzido pela enucleação de cisto mandibular foi enxertado com bloco de osso alógeno do banco de tecidos do INTO-RJ. Conclusão: Constata-se que o Cirurgião-dentista é capacitado para fazer o diagnóstico desta síndrome e encaminhar para o tratamento multidisciplinar. O enxerto alógeno é uma opção adequada de reconstrução de cavidades císticas, beneficiando pacientes do Sistema Único de Saúde... (AU)

Gorlin Goltz Syndrome has features with craniofacial involvement that include basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic keratocysts, and cleft lip and/or palate. Odontogenic keratocysts appear during the first decades of life, most commonly in the mandible, associated with impacted teeth. Early diagnosis enables healing of the lesion, minimizes bone deformities and can be completed with exams such as radiographic and histopathological exams. Case report: In order to describe the diagnosis and analyze the treatment possibilities of the facial manifestations of Gorlin Goltz Syndrome, a clinical case of a child patient will be reported.The patient has a multidisciplinary clinical follow-up with a 6-year geneticist, oncologist and dental surgeon. She had 5 odontogenic keratocystic keratocysts, basal cell carcinomas in the neck region, sickle cerebral calcification, palmoplantar keratosis and macrocephaly. The treatment for cystic lesions was enucleation, followed by peripheral osteotomy. The bone defect produced by the enucleation of a mandibular cyst was grafted with an allogeneic bone block from the tissue bank of INTO-RJ. Conclusion: It is concluded that the dentist is trained to make the diagnosis of this syndrome and refer to multidisciplinary treatment. Allogeneic graft is an appropriate option for the reconstruction of cystic cavities, benefiting patients from the Unified Health System... (AU)

El Síndrome de Gorlin Goltz tiene características con compromiso craneofacial que incluyen carcinomas de células basales, queratoquistes odontogénicos y labio leporino o paladar hendido. Los queratoquistes odontogénicos aparecen durante las primeras décadas de vida, más comúnmente en la mandíbula, asociados con dientes retenidos. El diagnóstico precoz permite la curación de la lesión, minimiza las deformidades óseas y se puede concluir con exámenes como exámenes radiográficos e histopatológicos. Reporte de caso: Con el fin de describir el diagnóstico y analizar las posibilidades de tratamiento de las manifestaciones faciales del Síndrome de Gorlin Goltz, se reportará un caso clínico de un paciente infantil. El paciente tiene un seguimiento clínico multidisciplinario con un genetista, oncólogo y cirujano dentista de 6 años. Presentó 5 queratocísticos odontogénicos, carcinomas basocelulares en la región del cuello, calcificación de la hoz cerebral, queratosis palmoplantar y macrocefalia. El tratamiento de las lesiones quísticas fue la enucleación, seguida de una osteotomía periférica. El defecto óseo producido por la enucleación de un quiste mandibular se injertó con un bloque óseo alogénico del banco de tejidos de INTO-RJ. Conclusión: Parece que el odontólogo está capacitado para realizar el diagnóstico de este síndrome y derivar al tratamiento multidisciplinario. El injerto alogénico es una opción adecuada para la reconstrucción de cavidades quísticas, beneficiando a los pacientes del Sistema Único de Salud... (AU)

Prevalence of Impacted Teeth in a South Indian Population using Cone Beam Computed Tomography: A Retrospective Study

ABSTRACT@#Localisation of impacted teeth is essential for surgical and orthodontic management. The study objective was to evaluate the prevalence and type of tooth impaction in the jaws using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The CBCT records of subjects between 2018 and 2020 were retrieved from our institution archives and examined by two oral radiologists. A total of 760 CBCT scans were evaluated, of which 140 (18.4%) scans had impacted teeth. From the 140 CBCT scans, 216 impacted teeth were identified. Maximum impactions were in the age group of 21–30 years. Third molars were the most commonly impacted teeth (66.2%), followed by canines (23.6%), supernumerary teeth (4.6%), premolars (3.2%), incisors (1.4%), and second molars (0.9%). Among the impacted canines, 53% were buccally impacted, 43% were palatally impacted and other impactions were 4%. Among the third molars, mesioangular impactions were the most frequent (41.2%), followed by horizontal (28%), vertical (16.7%) and distoangular impaction (4.1%). The most frequently impacted teeth were the third molars, followed by canines. Canine impactions were more frequent in the maxilla, while third molar impactions were thrice as common in the mandible compared to the maxilla. Mesioangular third molar impactions were the commonest, followed by horizontal, vertical and distoangular.

Causas de impactación de premolares inferiores en pacientes pediátricos. Serie de casos / Causas de impactação de pré-molares inferiores em pacientes pediátricos. Série de casos / Causes of lower premolar impaction in pediatric patients. Case series

Los dientes impactados son frecuentemente observados en la práctica clínica. Sin embargo, la presencia de premolares impactados es una anomalía dentaria poco reportada. Se sabe de una relación genética entre la presencia de varias anomalías dentarias en un mismo paciente, así como en una misma familia. Las impactaciones de premolares inferiores pueden estar asociada a impactaciones palatinas de caninos e incisivos laterales superiores con alteración en forma y/o número. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo describir las causas asociadas a impactación de premolares a través de una serie de 6 casos, en edades comprendidas entre 11 y 15 años de edad. Los resultados encontrados sugieren que las causas asociadas a la impactación de premolares inferiores fueron: retención prolongada de dientes primarios, patrón eruptivo alterado, presencia de supernumerarios, pérdida prematura de dientes primarios y erupción retardada asociada a factor hormonal. Se concluye que la presencia de impactación de premolares apunta a la asociación de varias causas que confluyen observándose no solo una sino varias anomalías dentarias.

Dentes impactados são freqüentemente observados na prática clínica. No entanto, a presença de pré-molares impactados é uma anomalia dentária raramente relatada. Sabe-se de uma relação genética entre a presença de várias anomalias dentárias no mesmo paciente e também na mesma família. As impactações dos pré-molares inferiores podem estar associadas às impactações palatinas dos caninos e incisivos laterais superiores com alteração na forma e / ou número. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo descrever as causas associadas à impactação de pré-molares por meio de uma série de 6 casos, com idades entre 11 e 15 anos. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que as causas associadas à impactação dos pré-molares inferiores foram: retenção prolongada dos dentes decíduos, padrão eruptivo alterado, presença de supranumerários, perda prematura dos dentes decíduos e erupção tardia associada a fatores hormonais. Concluise que a presença de impactação de pré-molares aponta para a associação de várias causas que convergem, observando-se não apenas uma, mas várias anomalias dentárias.

Impacted teeth are frequently observed in clinical practice. However, the presence of impacted premolars is a rarely reported dental anomaly. It is known of a genetic relationship between the presence of several dental anomalies in the same patient as well as in the same family. Among the anomalies associated with lower premolar impactions are palatal impacted cuspids and upper lateral incisors with alteration in shape or number. This investigation aimed to describe the causes associated with lower premolar impaction through a series of 6 cases, between 11 and 15 years of age. The results found suggest the causes associated with the impaction of lower premolars were prolonged retention of primary teeth, altered eruptive pattern, presence of supernumeraries, premature loss of primary teeth and delayed eruption associated with hormonal factors. It is concluded that the presence of premolar impaction points to an association of several causes that converge, observing not only one but several dental anomalies.

Fibro - odontoma ameloblástico; reporte de caso clínico / Fibro - odontoma ameloblástico; relato de caso clínico / Ameloblastic fibro odontoma; clinical case report

El fibro - odontoma ameloblástico es un tumor odontogénico benigno con células epiteliales odontogénicas cúbicas, tejido conjuntivo fibroso embrionario y epitelio odontogénico primitivo. Se presenta con poca frecuencia y afecta principalmente a niños y adultos jóvenes entre la primera y segunda década de vida. Este trabajo es un reporte del caso clínico de un paciente de sexo masculino de 12 años de edad atendido en el Hospital de Odontología Infantil "Don Benito Quinquela Martín", al cual se le diagnostica un tumor odontogénico benigno asociado a un canino permanente inferior derecho impactado. Se realiza un plan de tratamiento integral, individualizado y con fuerte componente preventivo, trabajando siempre en constante interrelación con los servicios de Odontología Preventiva, Cirugía, Radiología y Ortodoncia del hospital. En una primera etapa se tratan las infecciones prevalentes y se realiza el refuerzo del huésped. Posteriormente se realiza la intervención quirúrgica para extirpar la lesión y las estructuras dentarias asociadas a esta. La evolución del paciente fue favorable permitiendo continuar su tratamiento en el servicio de Ortodoncia. Objetivo: Describir la situación clínica de un paciente masculino de 12 años de edad, con diagnóstico de fibro - odontoma ameloblástico con un enfoque interdisciplinario y dentro de un plan de tratamiento integral. Conclusión: El tratamiento realizado con un enfoque interdisciplinario y dentro de un plan integral, permitió lograr un resultado favorable en el abordaje del fibro - odontoma ameloblástico

O fibro - odontoma ameloblástico é um tumor odontogênico benigno com células epiteliais odontogênicas cuboides, tecido conjuntivo fibroso embrionário e epitélio odontogênico primitivo. Se apresenta com pouca frequência e afeta principalmente crianças e adultos jovens entre a primeira e segunda década de vida. Este trabalho é um relato de caso clínico de um paciente de sexo masculino de 12 anos de idade atendido no Hospital de Odontologia Infantil "Don Benito Quinquela Martín"; diagnosticado com um tumor odontogênico benigno associado a um canino permanente inferior direito impactado. É realizado um plano de tratamento integral, individualizado e com forte componente preventivo, trabalhando sempre em constante inter-relação entre os Serviços de Odontologia Preventiva, Cirurgia, Radiologia e Ortodontia do hospital. Numa primeira fase, são tratadas as infecções prevalentes e é realizado o reforço do hospedeiro. Posteriormente é realizada a intervenção cirúrgica para remover a lesão e as estruturas dentárias associadas a ela. A evolução do paciente foi favorável, permitindo que ele continue o tratamento no Serviço de Ortodontia. Objetivo: Descrever a situação clínica de um paciente masculino de 12 anos de idade, com diagnóstico de fibro - odontoma ameloblástico com uma abordagem interdisciplinar e dentro de um plano de tratamento integral. Conclusão: O tratamento realizado com uma abordagem interdisciplinar e dentro de um plano integral, permitiu alcançar um resultado favorável na abordagem do fibro - odontoma ameloblástico.

Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma is an infrequent benign odontogenic tumor with cubic odontogenic epithelia cells, embryonic fibrous connective tissue, and primitive odontogenic epithelium. It mainly affects children and young adults between the first and second decade of life. This article is a clinical case report of a 12 - year - old male patient seen at Hospital of Pediatric Dentistry "Don Benito Quinquela Martín," where he was diagnosed with a benign odontogenic tumor associated with an impacted permanent lower right canine tooth. The treatment plan included a multidisciplinary collaboration among the Departments of Preventive Dentistry, Surgery, Radiology, and Orthodontics. In the first stage, prevalent infections were treated and the host was strengthened. The second stage was the surgica removal of the lesion and associated dental structures. The patient's course was favorable and continued his treatment at the Department of Orthodontics. Objective: To describe the clinical course of a 12-year-old male patient diagnosed with ameloblastic fibro-odontoma managed with an interdisciplinary approach in the setting of a comprehensive treatment plan. Conclusion: An interdisciplinary management in the setting of a comprehensive plan resulted in a favorable approach to ameloblastic fibro-odontoma.

Quiste dentígero: correlación de examen imagenológico con diagnóstico de certeza / Dentigerous cyst: corelation between the imaging examination and diagnostic certainty

Se presenta un caso clínico de quiste dentígero, asociado a un tercer molar inferior izquierdo retenido, que concurre a la Cátedra de Diagnóstico por Imáge- nes de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. El paciente, de 53 años de edad, es de sexo femenino. Se utiliza la tomografía de haz cónico para diagnosticar presuntivamente dicha patolo- gía. Posteriormente, se realiza biopsia para obtener una muestra y ser enviada para realizar los estudios anatomopatológicos, que corroboran el presuntivo diagnóstico. Basado en lo expuesto, se analiza al quis- te dentígero según ubicación, sexo, edad y maxilar; habiendo realizado una revisión de la literatura (AU)

A clinical case of a dentigerous cyst associated with a retained lower left third molar is presented. The 53-year-old patient is female. Cone beam tomography is used to presumptively diagnose said pathology. Subsequently, a biopsy is performed to obtain a sample and be sent to perform pathological studies that corroborate the presumptive diagnosis. Based on the above, the dentigerous cyst is analyzed according to location, sex, age and maxilla; having carried out a review of the literature (AU)

Remoción diferida de un tercer molar superior impulsado a la región infratemporal / Deferred removal of a third upper molar driven to the infratemporal region

La cirugía de los terceros molares retenidos puede ser considerada una intervención de rutina para el cirujano bucomaxilofacial. Como todo procedimien-to quirúrgico, puede presentar complicaciones intra y postoperatorias. Las más frecuentes son el dolor, edema, trismus, hemorragia y fracturas de las piezas dentarias a extraer, o de las tablas óseas. Pero tam-bién se pueden presentar otras complicaciones ines-peradas, como la impulsión o desplazamiento de la pieza dentaria a espacios anatómicos vecinos, entre los que podemos encontrar al espacio pterigomandi-bular, la celda submaxilar, el seno maxilar, el espacio infratemporal, según se trate de terceros molares retenidos inferiores o superiores. En el presente ar-tículo, se describe una situación clínica de un tercer molar superior, que fue accidentalmente impulsado a la región infratemporal, y removido en una segunda cirugía realizada 3 semanas después del primer in-tento de exodoncia. Se analizan también los estudios preoperatorios para su correcto diagnóstico, y las maniobras clínicas e instrumentales tendientes a po-sibilitar su remoción minimizando las complicaciones intra y postquirúrgicas (AU)

Surgery of retained third molars can be considered a routine intervention for the oral surgeon. Like any surgical procedure, it can present intra and posto-perative complications. The most frequent are pain, edema, trismus, hemorrhage and fractures of the teeth to be extracted or of the bone tables. But other unexpected complications can also occur, such as the impulsion or displacement of the tooth to neighbo-ring anatomical spaces, among which we can find the pterygomandibular space, the submaxillary cell, the maxillary sinus, the buccal space, the infratemporal space and the lateral pharyngeal space, depending on whether they are lower or upper retained third mo-lars. In this article, the clinical case of a third upper molar is described, which was accidentally driven to the infratemporal region, which was removed in a second surgery performed 3 weeks after the first attempt at exodontics. It should be noted the impor-tance of diagnostic imaging as an indispensable com-plement to the correct location of the displaced tooth and its subsequent removal (AU)

Evaluation of the clinical effects of impacted lower third molar tooth on adjacent oral tissues / Avaliação dos efeitos clínicos do terceiro molar inferior impactado nos tecidos orais adjacentes

Objective: Impacted tooth develops when the tooth fails to erupt into its anatomical functional position. The aim of this prospective study was to find out common clinical effects of impacted lower molar on adjacent tissues and to evaluate the relationship between signs and symptoms of impacted tooth as regards gender and age respectively. Material and Methods: Data for this study were obtained using a well-structured questionnaire at the Teem Dental Hospital Warri, Nigeria. The data included age, sex, and clinical features of patients with confirmed diagnosis of impacted lower third molar following clinical examination and radiographic investigation. Data were analysed and chi-square was employed. Results: A total of 131 patients were examined, 57 (44.5%) were males and 74 (56.5%) were females within the ages of 10-40 years. Patients within the ages of 21-25 years had the highest frequency (32.1%) of impacted lower third molar. It was observed that impacted tooth had a gender predilection towards females than males. Inflamed gingivae around lower 3rd molar 60(45.8%) and pain on the lower third molar 72(55.0%) were most predominantly associated with impacted third molar teeth. No significant association was observed between age (0.909) and gender (0.461) against symptoms of impacted tooth but significant association (0.001) between age and sign was observed. Conclusion: The most commonly associated effect of impacted third molar is inflammation of the adjacent gingivae alongside pain around the lower third molar. Prevalence of impacted molar tooth was gender based with age being a predilection factor in its signs of presentation. (AU)

Objetivo: O dente impactado se desenvolve quando o dente não consegue irromper em sua posição anatômica funcional. O objetivo deste estudo prospectivo foi identificar os efeitos clínicos comuns do molar inferior impactado nos tecidos adjacentes e avaliar a relação entre os sinais e sintomas do dente impactado em relação ao sexo e idade, respectivamente. Material e Métodos: Os dados para este estudo foram obtidos por meio de um questionário bem estruturado no Teem Dental Hospital Warri, Nigéria. Os dados incluíram idade, sexo e características clínicas de pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de terceiro molar inferior impactado após exame clínico e investigação radiográfica. Os dados foram analisados e o teste qui-quadrado foi empregado. Resultados: Foram examinados 131 pacientes, 57 (44,5%) do sexo masculino e 74 (56,5%) do sexo feminino na faixa etária de 10 a 40 anos. Pacientes com idades entre 21 a 25 anos tiveram a maior frequência (32,1%) de terceiros molares inferiores impactados. Observou-se que o dente impactado teve uma predileção de gênero para o sexo feminino em relação ao masculino. Gengiva inflamada ao redor do 3º molar inferior 60 (45,8%) e dor no terceiro molar inferior 72 (55,0%) foram predominantemente associadas a terceiros molares impactados. Não foi observada associação significativa entre idade (0,909) e sexo (0,461) diante sintomas de dente impactado, mas foi observada associação significativa (0,001) entre idade e sinal. Conclusão: O efeito mais comumente associado ao terceiro molar impactado é a inflamação da gengiva adjacente associada à dor ao redor do terceiro molar inferior. A prevalência de dente molar impactado foi baseada no gênero, sendo a idade um fator de predileção em seus sinais de apresentação.(AU)

Constructions of the scale of difficulty in the extraction of impacted mandibular third molars by using Delphi method / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the relevant indicators affecting difficulty in the extraction of impacted mandibular third molars and score difficulty of different operation and risk indicators, so as to build an intuitive and accurate scale to help operators make more accurate analysis and prediction of difficulty before the operation.@*METHODS@#Based on literature and the clinical review, the difficulty indicators of tooth extraction were summarized. Firstly, 10 doctors from Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology who had been engaged in alveolar surgery for a long time established an expert nominal group, and then rated whether the summarized indicators needed to be retained in the form of face-to-face questionnaires. A level 1 and 2 item frame for evaluating difficulty in the tooth extraction was formed after discussion; Then Delphi method was used to send a questionnaire to 30 experts by e-mail. After two rounds of scoring and modification, the scale of difficulty in the extraction of impacted mandibular third molars was formed.@*RESULTS@#The recycling rate of two rounds of questionnaires was 100.0%, which showed that the experts were very enthusiastic about the study; The authority coefficients (Cr) of the two rounds of Delphi expert consultation were both 0.92, which showed that the results were representative and authoritative. After two rounds of grading and revision, the variable coefficient (CV) decreased and the Kendall's concordance coefficient (W) increased, which were statistically significant: In the first round, the CV was 0.24 and W was 0.56 (P < 0.001), and in the second, the CV was 0.19 and W was 0.72 (P < 0.001), which indicated that there was a good convergence among the expert opinions. Finally, a scale of difficulty in the tooth extraction containing 12 items at level A and 37 items at level B was formed, including operation difficulty indicators, risk difficulty indicators and common difficulty indicators.@*CONCLUSION@#Based on comprehensive literature retrieval, the study has put forward the concept that difficulty in the extraction of impacted mandibular third molars is composed of operation difficulty and risk difficulty. Using Delphi method, the long-term clinical experience and professional knowledge of experts are transformed into quantitative indicators as a scoring scale. The scale has certain representativeness and authority.

Coronectomia em terceiro molar superior: relato de caso / Maxillary third upper molar coronectomy: case report

Introdução: A extração de terceiros molares é um dos procedimentos mais realizados em cirurgias orais. As indicações para esse procedimento estão ligadas à doença cárie, doença periodontal, pericoronite, entre outras. Objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar um relato de caso e discussão com a técnica aplicada a um terceiro molar superior com risco de comunicação oroantral, demonstrando os benefícios deste procedimento. Relato de Caso: Paciente sexo masculino, 49 anos, ausência de comorbidades, encaminhado para remoção de terceiro molar superior por dificuldade de higienização e acúmulo de placa bacteriana, ao exame tomográfico, apresentou proximidades das raízes com o seio maxilar, onde foi optado pela contra indicação de extração devido a grande chance de comunicação oroantral e sugerido coronectomia para resolução do caso. Conclusão: A coronectomia é uma técnica bastante difundida nos casos em que o terceiro molar está intimamente relacionado ao nervo alveolar inferior, com chances de parestesia. Não há relatos na literatura dessa técnica aplicada ao terceiro molar superior... (AU)

Introduction: Extraction of third molars is one of the most commonly performed procedures in oral surgeries. The indications for this procedure are linked to caries disease, periodontal disease, pericoronitis, among others. Case Report: Male patient, 49 years old, absent from comorbidities, referred for removal of the upper third molar due to difficulty in cleaning and bacterial plaque accumulation, on tomographic examination, proximity of the roots to the maxillary sinus, where it was opted for the contraindication of extraction due to great chance of oroantral communication and suggested coronectomy to resolve the case. Objective: The purpose of this article is to present a case report and discussion with the technique applied to a maxillary third molar at risk of oroantral communication, demonstrating the benefits of this procedure. Conclusion: Coronectomy is a widespread technique in cases where the third molar is closely related to the lower alveolar nerve, with chances of paresthesia. There are no reports in the literature of this technique applied to the upper third molar... (AU)

Fibro-odontoma ameloblástico: reporte de un caso / Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma: a case report

Objetivo: Presentar el caso de una patología poco común como es el fibro-odontoma ameloblástico (FOA), su manejo interdisciplinario y su resolución quirúrgica. Caso clínico: En este reporte de caso describimos un FOA en una paciente de 10 años, ubicado en el cuerpo mandibular derecho, asociado a las raíces de molares temporales que generó la retención de premolares. Se realizó la enucleación completa de la lesión, exodoncia de los temporales asociados y se decidió mantener los dientes definitivos y esperar su erupción espontánea. Es importante considerar la posibilidad de mantener el diente retenido si este no dificulta la exéresis de la lesión, ya sea para su erupción espontánea o rescate ortodóntico, lo cual es posible observar en este caso en el que se aprecia una evolución intraósea favorable. Con respecto al seguimiento, se recomienda el control a largo plazo con el fin de controlar la erupción del órgano dentario o la aparición de posibles recidivas (AU)

Aim: To present a clinical case of a rare pathology, the ameloblastic fibro odontoma (AFO), its interdisciplinary management and its surgical resolution. Clinical case: In this case report we describe an AFO in a 10-years-old patient, localized in the right hand side of the body of the mandible, associated with the roots of temporary molars that generated the retention of the premolars. Complete enucleation of the lesion and the extraction of the associated temporary molars were performed. It was decided to keep the permanent teeth and to wait for their spontaneous eruption. It is important to consider the possibility of keeping the retained teeth if it does not hinder the excision of the lesion, either for its spontaneous eruption or orthodontic rescue, which is possible to see in this case, in which a favorable intraosseous evolution is appreciated. With regard to follow-up, long-term monitoring is recommended in order to control the eruption of the dental organ or the appearance of possible recurrences (AU)